E-Numbers

This is not an authoritative list, in either sense. The SCD information comes from personal experience, BTVC and common sense. Please do not take it as gospel, if in doubt - don't eat it. I you have any improvements or suggestions, please email me [enumbers@dflock.co.uk]. More comprehensive information (from wikipedia) on e-numbers can be found here.

I have added links from substance names and enumbers to wikipedia. Many of these articles don't exist yet - feel free to create them. The substance links tend to work better than the Enumber ones at the moment. I will endevour to (slowly) fix these links by adding to wikipedia.

Table of 'e-numbers': European Standard Food Additives
SCD Ok?	Avoid?	GM	Origin	Number	Name	Comment
331 rows.
Y	N	N	VD	E100	Curcumin orange-yellow color	Derived from the root of the curcuma (turmeric) plant, but can be artificially produced; used in cheese, margarine, baked sweets and fish fingers
Y	N	N	PAD	E101	Riboflavin lactoflavin, vitamin B2	Occurs naturally in green vegetables, eggs, milk, liver and kidney; used in margarine and cheese
Y	N	N	PAD	E101a	Riboflavin-5'-phosphate	Occurs naturally in green vegetables, eggs, milk, liver and kidney; used in margarine and cheese
?	Y	N	SY	E102	Tartrazine FD&C Yellow No.5	Known to provoke asthma attacks and urticaria (nettle rash) in children (the US FDA estimates 1:10 000); also linked to thyroid tumors, chromosomal damage, urticaria (hives) and hyperactivity; tartrazine sensitivity is also linked to aspirin sensitivity; used to colour drinks, sweets, jams, cereals, snack foods, canned fish, packaged soups; banned in Norway and Austria
?	Y	N		E104	Quinoline Yellow FD&C Yellow No.10	Used in lipsticks hair products, colognes; also in a wide range of medications; cause dermatitis; banned in Australia, USA and Norway
?	Y	N		E107	Yellow 7G yellow color	People who suffer Asthma may also show an allergic reaction to it; typical products are soft drinks; banned in Australia and USA
?	Y	N	SY	E110	Sunset Yellow FCF Orange Yellow S, FD&C Yellow No.6	Used in cereals, bakery, sweets, snack foods, ice cream, drinks and canned fish; synthetic; also in many medications including Berocca, Polaramine, Ventolin syrup; side effects are urticaria (hives), rhinitis (runny nose), nasal congestion, allergies, hyperactivity, kidney tumors, chromosomal damage, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, indigestion, distaste for food; seen increased incidence of tumours in animals; banned in Norway
?	Y	N	AD	E120	Cochineal Carminic acid, Carmines	Red coloring, made from crushed beatles; rarely used.
?	Y	N		E122	Azorubine Carmoisine	Red color; coal tar derivative; can produce bad reactions in asthmatics and people allergic to aspirin; typical products are confectionary, marzipan, jelly crystals; banned in Sweden, USA, Austria and Norway
N	Y	N		E123	Amaranth FD&C Red No.2	Derived from the small herbaceous plant of the same name; used in cake mixes, fruit-flavoured fillings, jelly crystals; can provoke asthma, eczema and hyperactivity; it caused birth defects and foetal deaths in some animal tests, possibly also cancer; banned in the USA, Russia, Austria and Norway and other countries
?	Y	N	SY	E124	Ponceau 4R Cochineal Red A, FD&C Red No.4	Synthetic coal tar and azo dye, carcinogen in animals, can produce bad reactions in asthmatics and people allergic to aspirin; banned in USA & Norway
?	Y	N		E127	Erythrosine FD&C Red No.3	Red color used in cherries, canned fruit, custard mix, sweets, bakery, snack foods; can cause sensitivity to light; can increase thyroid hormone levels and lead to hyperthyroidism, was shown to cause thyroid cancer in rats in a study in 1990; banned in January 1990; banned in Norway
?	Y	N		E128	Red 2G	Banned in Australia and many other places except UK
?	Y	N	SY	E129	Allura Red AC FD&C Red No.40	Orange-red color used in sweets, drinks and condiments, medications and cosmetics, synthetic; introduced in the early eighties to replace amaranth which was considered not safe due to conflicting test results; allura red has also been connected with cancer in mice; banned in Denmark, Belgium, France, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Austria and Norway
?	Y	N		E131	Patent Blue V	Banned in Australia, USA and Norway
?	Y	N	SY	E132	Indigotine Indigo carmine, FD&C Blue No.2	Commonly added to tablets and capsules; also used in ice cream, sweets, baked goods, confectionary, biscuits, synthetic coal tar derivative; may cause nausea, vomiting, high blood pressure, skin rashes, breathing problems and other allergic reactions. banned in Norway
?	Y	N	SY	E133	Brilliant blue FCF FD&C Blue Dye No.1	Used in dairy products, sweets and drinks, synthetic usually occurring as aluminum lake (solution) or ammonium salt; banned in Belgium, France, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Austria, Norway
Y	?	N		E140	Chlorophylis Chlorophyllins	Green color occurs naturally in all plants; used for dyeing waxes and oils, used in medicines and cosmetics
Y	?	N		E141	Copper complexes of chloropyll and chlorophyllins	Olive color, no adverse effects are known
?	Y	N	SY	E142	Green S	Green color; synthetic coal tar derivative; used in canned peas, mint jelly and sauce, packet bread crumbs and cake mixes; banned inSweden, USA and Norway
N	N	N		E150a	Caramel Plain Caramel	Dark brown color derived from sucrose; Used in soft drinks; oyster, soy, fruit and canned sauces; beer, whiskey, biscuits and pickles.
N	Y	N		E150b	Caustic sulphite caramel	Dark brown color derived from sucrose; Used in soft drinks; oyster, soy, fruit and canned sauces; beer, whiskey, biscuits and pickles.
N	Y	N		E150c	Ammonia caramel	Dark brown color derived from sucrose; Used in soft drinks; oyster, soy, fruit and canned sauces; beer, whiskey, biscuits and pickles.
N	Y	N		E150d	Sulphite ammonia caramel	Dark brown color derived from sucrose; Used in soft drinks; oyster, soy, fruit and canned sauces; beer, whiskey, biscuits and pickles.
?	Y	N		E151	Brilliant Black BN Black PN	Colour; coal tar derivative; used in brown sauces, blackcurrant cake mixes; banned in Denmark, Australia, Belgium, France, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Austria, USA, Norway
Y	Y	N	PAD	E153	Vegetable carbon	Black colour, charcoal pigment; used in jams, jelly crystals, liquorice; only the vegetable derived variety permitted in Australia, banned in the United States
?	Y	N		E154	Brown FK	Banned in USA
?	Y	N		E155	Brown HT Brown HT (Chocolate)	Brown color, coal tar and azo dye; used in chocolate cake mixes; can produce bad reactions in asthmatics and people allergic to aspirin; also known to induce skin sensitivity; banned in Denmark, Belgium, France, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Austria, USA, Norway
Y	N	N		E160a	Carotene alpha-, beta-, gamma-	Orange-yellow colour; human body converts it to 'Vitamin A' in the liver, found in carrots and other yellow or orange fruits and vegetables
Y	Y	N		E160b	Annatto (Arnatto, Annato), bixin, norbixin	Red color; derived from a tree (Bixa orellana); used as a body paint, fabric dye, digestive aid and expectorant; used to dye cheese, butter, margarine, cereals, snack foods, soaps, textiles and varnishes; known to cause urticaria (nettle rash), the HACSG* recommends to avoid it
Y	Y	N		E160c	Paprika extract capsanthin, capsorubin
Y	N	N		E160d	Lycopene	Red coloured carotenoid found in tomatoes and pink grapefruit, can cause decreasing risk of cancer
Y	N	N		E160e	Beta-apo-8'-carotenal (C 30)	Orange color, no adverse effects are known
Y	N	N		E160f	Ethyl ester of beta-apo-8'-carotenic acid (C 30)	Orange color, no adverse effects are known
Y	N	N	PAD	E161b	Lutein Xanthophylls - Lutein	Yellow color derived from plants, naturally found in green leaves, marigolds and egg yolks
Y	N	N	PAD	E161g	Canthaxanthin Xanthophylls - Canthaxanthin	Yellow color possibly derived from animal sources (retinol); the pigment is found in some mushrooms, crustacea, fish, flamingo feathers
Y	N	N		E162	Beetroot Red Betanin	Purple color derived from beets; no adverse effects are known
Y	N	N		E163	Anthocyanins	Violet color matter of flowers and plants; seems safe
Y	N	N	MD	E170	Calcium carbonate	Mineral salt, used in toothpastes, white paint and cleaning powders; may be derived from rock mineral or animal bones; sometimes used to deacidify wines and firm canned fruit and veg.; toxic at 'high doses'
Y	N	N		E171	Titanium dioxide	White color used in toothpaste and white paint, pollutes waterways; no adverse effects are known
Y	N	N		E172	Iron oxides and hydroxides	Black, yellow, red color used in salmon and shrimp pastes; toxic at 'high doses'
?	Y	N		E173	Aluminium
?	Y	N		E174	Silver
?	Y	N		E175	Gold
?	Y	N		E180	Latolrubine BK
?	N	N		E181	Tannic acid	Tannins, clarifying agent in alcohol; derived from the nutgalls and twigs of oak trees; occurs naturally in tea
?	?	N		E200	Sorbic acid	Either obtained from berries or synthesised from ketene; possible skin irritant
?	?	N		E201	Sodium sorbate
?	?	N		E202	Potassium sorbate
?	?	N		E203	Calcium sorbate
?	?	N		E210	Benzoic acid, also known as flowers of benzoin, phenlycarboxylic acid carboxybenzene	Added to alcoholic beverages, baked goods, cheeses, gum, condiments, frozen dairy, relishes, soft sweets, cordials and sugar substitutes; used in cosmetics, as an antiseptic in many cough medications and an antifungal in ointments; can cause asthma, especially in those dependant on steroid asthma medications, is also reputed to cause neurological disorders and to react with sulphur bisulphite (222), shown to provoke hyperactivity in children; obtained from Benzoin, a resin exuded by trees native to Asia
?	Y	N		E211	Sodium benzoate	Used as antiseptic, as a food preservative and to disguise taste, as of poor-quality food; orange soft drinks contain a high amount of it, upto 25mg per 250ml; also in milk and meat products, relishes and condiments, baked goods and lollies; used in many oral medications including Actifed, Phenergan and Tylenol; known to causes nettle rash and aggravate asthma
?	?	N		E212	Potassium benzoate	People with a history of allergies may show allergic reactions. for using see 210
?	?	N		E213	Calcium benzoate	See 212
?	Y	N		E214	Ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate
?	Y	N		E215	Sodium ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate
?	?	N		E216	Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate	Possible contact allergen
?	Y	N		E217	Sodium propyl p-hydroxybenzoate
?	?	N		E218	Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate	Allergic reactions possible, mainly affecting the skin
?	Y	N		E219	Sodium methyl p-hydroxybenzoate
N	Y	N		E220	Sulphur dioxide	Derived from coal tar; all sulphur drugs are toxic and restricted in use (in USA, FDA** prohibits their use on raw fruits and vegetables), produced by combustion of sulphur or gypsum; known to provoke asthma attacks and difficult to metabolise for those with impaired kidney function, also destroys vitamin B1; typical products are beer, soft drinks, dried fruit, juices, cordials, wine, vinegar, potato products
N	?	N		E221	Sodium sulphite	Decontaminating agent used in fresh orange juice
N	?	N		E222	Sodium hydrogen sulphite	See E220
N	?	N		E223	Sodium metabisulphite	Treating agent, see E220
N	?	N		E224	Potassium metabisulphite	See E220
N	?	N		E225	Potassium sulphite	See E220
N	Y	N		E226	Calcium sulphite
N	Y	N		E227	Calcium hydrogen sulphite
N	?	N		E228	Potassium hydrogen sulphite	See 220
?	Y	N		E230	Biphenyl Diphenyl	Banned in some countries; can be used for agricultural purposes; typical products are citrus fruit
?	Y	N		E231	Orthophenyl phenol	Banned in some countries; can be used for agricultural purposes; typical products are pears, carrots, peaches, plums, prunes, sweet potatoe, citrus fruit, pineapples, tomatoes, peppers, cherries, nectarines
?	?	N		E232	Sodium orthophenyl phenol	Banned in some countries; can be used for agricultural purposes; typical products are pears, carrots, peaches, plums, prunes, sweet potatoe, citrus fruit, pineapples, tomatoes, peppers, cherries, nectarines
?	Y	N		E233	Thiabendazole	Banned in some countries, can be used for agricultural purposes, typical products are citrus fruits, apples, pears, potatoes, bananas, mushrooms, meat, milk
?	?	N		E234	Nisin	Antibiotic derived from bacteria; found in beer, processed cheese products, tomato paste
?	?	N		E235	Natamycin	Mould inhibitor derived from bacteria; sometimes used medically to treat candidiasis; can cause nausea, vomiting, anorexia, diarrhoea and skin irritation;.typical products are meat, cheese
?	Y	N		E236	Formic acid
?	Y	N	PAD	E237	Sodium formate
?	Y	N	PAD	E238	Calcium formate
?	Y	N		E239	Hexamethylene tetramine
?	?	N		E249	Potassium nitrite	Colour fixative and curing agent for meat; nitrites can effect the body's ability to carry oxygen, resulting in shortness of breath, dizziness and headaches; potential carcinogen; not permitted in foods for infant and young children
?	Y	N		E250	Sodium nitrite	May provoke hyperactivity and other adverse reactions, potentially carcinogenic, restricted in many countries, can combine with chemicals in stomach to form nitrosamine, the HACSG* recommends to avoid it
?	?	N		E251	Sodium nitrate	Also used in the manufacture of nitric acid, as a fertiliser and in fermented meat products (see 250)
?	?	N		E252	Potassium nitrate	May be derived from waste animal or vegetable matter; used in gunpowder, explosives and fertilisers, and in the preservation of meat; may provoke hyperactivity and other adverse reactions; potentially carcinogenic; restricted in many countries (see 249)
?	?	N	VD	E260	Acetic acid	Main component of vinegar, synthetically produced from wood fibres; used in pickles, chutneys, and sauces
?	Y	N		E261	Potassium acetate	Food acid; should be avoided by people with impaired kidney function; typical products are sauces, pickles
?	?	N		E262	Sodium acetate Sodium diacetate	Food acid, acidity regulator;
?	?	N	PAP	E263	Calcium acetate	Food acid, acidity regulator; by product in the manufacture of wood alcohol; used to make acetic acid (vinegar) and in the production of dyers mordants
?	?	N		E264	Ammonium acetate	Can cause nausea and vomiting
?	?	N	AP	E270	Lactic acid	Food acid, acidity regulator; produced by heating and fermenting carbohydrates in milk whey, potatoes, cornstarch or molasses; difficult for babies to metabolise; used in sweets, dressings, soft drinks (sometimes beer) infant formulas and confectionary
?	?	N		E280	Propionic acid	All propionates are thought to be linked with migraine headaches; propionates occur naturally in fermented foods, human perspiration and ruminants digestive tract, also can be derived commercially from ethylene and carbon monoxide or propionaldehyde or natural gas or fermented wood pulp; produced when bacteria decompose fibre; commonly used in bread and flour products;
?	?	N		E281	Sodium propionate	May be linked to migraines, typical products are flour products
?	?	N		E282	Calcium propionate	May be linked to migraines, typical products are flour products
?	?	N		E283	Potassium propionate	May be linked to migraines, typical products are flour products
Y	N	N		E290	Carbon dioxide	Propellant, coolant, derived from lime manufacture; may increase the effect of alcohol; typical products are wine, soft drinks, confectionary
Y	Y	N	PSY	E296	Malic acid	Derived from fruit or synthetic; infants and young children should avoid it
Y	N	N		E297	Fumaric acid	Derived from plants of the genus Fumaria esp. F.officianalis or from the fermentation of glucose with fungi; can be used to flavour, acidify, as an antioxidant or raising agentused in soft drinks and cake mixes
Y	N	N	PSY	E300	Ascorbic acid	Flour treating agent, 'vitamin C'; may be made synthetically from glucose, naturally occurs in fruit and vegetables; added to products as diverse as cured meat, breakfast cereals, frozen fish and wine
Y	N	N		E301	Sodium ascorbate	Sodium salt of vitamin C
Y	N	N		E302	Calcium ascorbate vitamin C	Calcium salt of vitamin C, may increase the formation of calcium axalate stones
Y	N	N		E303	Potassium ascorbate	Potassium salt of vitamin C
Y	N	N		E304	Ascorbyl palmitate Ascorbyl stearate	Fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid, same function as E300
Y	N	M	VP	E306	Tocopherol-rich extract	Antioxidant. Found in many vegetable oils, including soy, wheat germ, rice germ, cottonseed, maize; works as an antioxidant for fatty acids and tissue fats, preventing vitamin A from oxidation; used in margarine and salad dressings
Y	N	M	SY	E307	alpha-tocopherol	Antioxidant. Found in many vegetable oils, including soy, wheat germ, rice germ, cottonseed, maize; works as an antioxidant for fatty acids and tissue fats, preventing vitamin A from oxidation; used in margarine and salad dressings
Y	N	M	SY	E308	gamma-tocopherol	Antioxidant. Found in many vegetable oils, including soy, wheat germ, rice germ, cottonseed, maize; works as an antioxidant for fatty acids and tissue fats, preventing vitamin A from oxidation; used in margarine and salad dressings
Y	N	M	SY	E309	delta-tocopherol	Antioxidant. Found in many vegetable oils, including soy, wheat germ, rice germ, cottonseed, maize; works as an antioxidant for fatty acids and tissue fats, preventing vitamin A from oxidation; used in margarine and salad dressings
?	?	N	VD	E310	Propyl gallate	Used to prevent rancidity in oily substances; derived from nutgalls; may cause gastric or skin irritation, gallates are not permitted in foods for infants and small children because of their known tendency to cause the blood disorder, methemoglobinemia; used in oils, margarine, lard and salad dressings, sometimes used in packaging
?	?	N	VD	E311	Octyl gallate	Used to prevent rancidity in oily substances; derived from nutgalls; may cause gastric or skin irritation, gallates are not permitted in foods for infants and small children because of their known tendency to cause the blood disorder, methemoglobinemia; used in oils, margarine, lard and salad dressings, sometimes used in packaging
?	?	N	VD	E312	Dodecyl gallate	Used to prevent rancidity in oily substances; derived from nutgalls; may cause gastric or skin irritation, gallates are not permitted in foods for infants and small children because of their known tendency to cause the blood disorder, methemoglobinemia; used in oils, margarine, lard and salad dressings, sometimes used in packaging
?	?	N	VD	E317	Erythorbic acid	Produced from sucrose
?	?	N	SY	E318	Sodium erythorbate	Produced from Erythorbic acid (E317) which is derived from sucrose
?	Y	N	SY	E319	Tert-ButylHydroQuinone (TBHQ)	Petroleum based; May cause nausea, vomiting, delirium. Typical products are fats, oils, margarine
?	Y	N	SY	E320	Butylated hydroxy-anisole (BHA)	Petroleum derivative, retards spoilage due to oxidation; used in edible oils, chewing gum, fats, margarine, nuts, instant potato products, polyethylene food wraps; not permitted in infant foods, can provoke an allergic reaction in some people, may trigger hyperactivity and other intolerances; serious concerns over carcinogenicity and estrogenic effects, in large doses caused tumors in lab animals.
?	Y	N	SY	E321	Butylated hydroxy-toluene (BHT)	Petroleum derivative; see E320
?	?	N	PAP	E322	Lecithins	Emulsifier derived from soy beans, egg yolks, peanuts, corn or animal resources; non toxic but overdose can upset the stomach, kill the appetite and cause profuse sweating; used to allow combination of oils in margarine, chocolate, mayonnaise, milk powder; must be choosen vegetable type
N	?	N	AP	E325	Sodium lactate	Derived from milk (lactic acid); may contain pork rennin or whey in process, young children with lactose intolerance may show adverse reactions
N	?	N	AP	E326	Potassium lactate	Derived from milk (lactic acid); may contain pork rennin or whey in process, young children with lactose intolerance may show adverse reactions
N	?	N	AP	E327	Calcium lactate	Derived from milk (lactic acid); may contain pork rennin or whey in process, young children with lactose intolerance may show adverse reactions
N	?	N	AP	E328	Ammonium lactate	Derived from milk (lactic acid); may contain pork rennin or whey in process, young children with lactose intolerance may show adverse reactions
N	?	N	AP	E329	Magnesium lactate	Derived from milk (lactic acid); may contain pork rennin or whey in process, young children with lactose intolerance may show adverse reactions
Y	N	N	VD	E330	Citric acid	Food acid, naturally derived from citrus fruit, used in biscuits, canned fish, cheese and processed cheese products, infant formulas, cake and soup mixes, rye bread, soft drinks, fermented meat products
Y	N	N		E331	Sodium citrates	Food acid;
Y	N	N		E332	Potassium citrates	Food acid;
Y	N	N		E333	Calcium citrates	Food acid; in small quantities
Y	N	N		E334	Tartaric acid	Food acid, obtained from unripe fruit, grape juice; in small quantities
Y	N	N		E335	Sodium tartrates	Food acid;
Y	N	N		E336	Potassium tartrates	Food acid;
Y	N	N		E337	Sodium potassium tartrate	Food acid;
Y	N	N		E338	Phosphoric acid	Food acid, derived from phosphate ore; used in cheese products;
Y	N	N	MD	E339	Sodium phosphates	Mineral salt, used as a laxative and a fixing agent in textile dyeing; high intakes may upset the calcium/phosphorus equilibrium
?	?	N	MD	E340	Potassium phosphates	Mineral salt, used as a laxative and a fixing agent in textile dyeing; high intakes may upset the calcium/phosphorus equilibrium
?	?	N	MD	E341	Calcium phosphates	Mineral salt found in rocks and bones; used in medicines as an antacid and polishing agent in enamels
?	?	N	MD	E343	Magnesium phosphates	Essential mineral, anticaking agent found in salt substitutes
?	?	N		E350	Sodium malates
?	?	N		E351	Potassium malate
?	?	N		E352	Calcium malates
?	?	N		E353	Metatartaric acid
?	?	N		E354	Calcium tartrate
?	?	N		E355	Adipic acid	Food acid from the root adipose (pertaining to fat?)
?	?	N		E357	Potassium adipate
?	Y	N		E363	Succinic acid
?	?	N	VD	E365	Sodium fumarate	Food acid, salt of fumaric acid (derived from plants of the genus Fumaria esp. F.officianalis)
?	?	N		E366	Potassium fumarate
?	?	N		E367	Calcium fumarate
?	Y	N		E370	1,4-Heptonolactone
?	?	N		E375	Niacin vitamin B3	Naturally occurs in bean, pea and other legumes, milk, egg, meat, poultry, and fish; at doses in excess of 1,000 mg per day can cause liver damage, diabetes, gastritis, eye damage, and elevated blood levels of uric acid (which can cause gout); at amounts as low as 50-100 mg may cause flushing (harmless but painful), headache, and stomachache especially if taken on an empty stomach
?	?	N		E380	Tri-ammonium citrate	May interfere with liver and pancreas function
?	?	N	VD	E381	Ammonium ferric citrates	Essential mineral, food acid derived from citric acid; used as a dietary iron supplement in breakfast cereals and dietary formulas
?	Y	N		E385	Calcium disodium EDTA
N	?	N		E400	Alginic acid	Thickener and vegetable gum, derived from seaweed; used in custard mix, cordial, flavoured milk, ice blocks, thickened cream and yoghurt; in small quantities, large quantities can inhibit the absorption of some nutrients
N	?	N		E401	Sodium alginate	Thickener and vegetable gum, derived from seaweed; used in custard mix, cordial, flavoured milk, ice blocks, thickened cream and yoghurt; in small quantities, large quantities can inhibit the absorption of some nutrients
N	?	N		E402	Potassium alginate	Thickener and vegetable gum, derived from seaweed; used in custard mix, cordial, flavoured milk, ice blocks, thickened cream and yoghurt; in small quantities, large quantities can inhibit the absorption of some nutrients
N	?	N		E403	Ammonium alginate	Thickener and vegetable gum, derived from seaweed; used in custard mix, cordial, flavoured milk, ice blocks, thickened cream and yoghurt; in small quantities, large quantities can inhibit the absorption of some nutrients
N	?	N		E404	Calcium alginate	Thickener and vegetable gum, derived from seaweed; used in custard mix, cordial, flavoured milk, ice blocks, thickened cream and yoghurt; in small quantities, large quantities can inhibit the absorption of some nutrients
N	?	N		E405	Propylene glycol alginate	Thickener and vegetable gum, derived from petroleum; see separate entry
N	?	N		E406	Agar	Thickener and vegetable gum derived from red seaweed; sometimes used as a laxative, found in manufactured meats and ice cream
N	Y	N		E407	Carrageenan	A fibre extracted from seaweed, it has recently been linked with cancer because it may become contaminated when ethylene oxide is added to an inferior product, this results in ethylene chlorohydrin forming, a highly carcinogenic compound; linked to toxic hazards, including ulcers and cancer; the most serious concerns relate to degraded carrageenan, which is not a permitted additive; however, native carrageenan, which is used, may become degraded in the gut
N	?	N		E410	Locust bean gum	Derived from Carob or Locust bean tree Ceratonia siliqua; used in lollies, cordials, essences, some flour products, dressings, fruit juice drinks; frequently used as a caffeine-free chocolate substitute; may lower cholesterol levels
N	?	N		E412	Guar gum	Derived from the seeds of Cyamoposis tetragonolobus of Indian origin; fed to cattle in the US; can cause nausea, flatulence and cramps, may reduced cholesterol levels
N	?	N		E413	Tragacanth	Resin form the tree Astragalus gummifer; used in foods, drugs including nasal solutions, elixirs and tablets; also used as a binder in cosmetics; possible contact allergy
N	?	N		E414	Acacia	Derived from the sap of Acacia Sengal; easily broken down by the human digestive system; possible allergen, soothes irritations of mucous membranes
N	?	N		E415	Xanthan gum	Derived from the fermentation of corn sugar with a bacterium
N	?	N		E416	Karaya gum	Derived from the tree Sterculia urens; often used in conjunction with Carob (E 410), in ice cream, custard and sweets, as a filler for its capability to multiply its volume by 100 times with the additon of water; possible allergen
N	?	N		E417	Tara gum	Derived from the tara bush, Caesalpinia Spinosa is indigenous to Equador and Peru and is grown in Kenya
N	?	N		E420	Sorbitol	Artificial sweetener and humectant; derived from glucose, either obtained from berries or synthesised; used in lollies, dried fruit, pastries, confectionary, low calorie foods, pharmecuetical syrups and opthalmic preparations and is the seventh most widely used preservative in cosmetics; not permitted in foods for infants and young children, can cause gastric disturbance
N	?	N		E421	Mannitol	Artificial sweetener and humectant; derived from seaweed or the manna ash tree; possible allergen, not permitted in infant foods due to its ability to cause diarrhea and kidney dysfunction, also may cause nausea, vomiting; typical products are low calorie foods
?	?	N	AD	E422	Glycerol	Humectant and sweetener; oily colourless alcohol; derived by decomposition of natural fats with alkalis; usually as a by-product of soap making using animal fat or vegetable oil; can be obtained from petroleum products sometimes synthesised from propylene or fermented from sugar; used in flexible coatings on sausages and cheeses, also in crystallised and dried fruit, liqueurs and vodka. Glycerin has been shown to protect against DNA damage induced by tumor promoters, ultraviolet lights and radiation, presumably via free radical scavenging; large quantities can cause headaches, thirst, nausea and high blood sugar levels. typical products are liquers, confectionary, dried fruit, low calorie foods
?	?	N		E425	Konjac	(i) Konjac gum (ii) Konjac glucomannane. Emulsifier.
?	?	N	PAD	E430	Polyoxyethylene (8) stearate	Emulsifier, stabiliser.
?	?	N	PAD	E431	Polyoxyethylene (40) stearate	Emulsifier.
?	Y	N	PAD	E432	Polysorbate 20 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate	Emulsifiers derived from animal fatty acids; used as sythetic flavourings, surfactants, defoaming agents and dough conditioners; may increase the absorption of fat-soluble substances
?	?	N	PAD	E433	Polysorbate 80 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate	Emulsifiers derived from animal fatty acids; used as sythetic flavourings, surfactants, defoaming agents and dough conditioners; may increase the absorption of fat-soluble substances
?	Y	N	PAD	E434	Polysorbate 40 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate	Emulsifiers derived from animal fatty acids; used as sythetic flavourings, surfactants, defoaming agents and dough conditioners; may increase the absorption of fat-soluble substances
?	?	N	PAD	E435	Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate - Polysorbate 60	Emulsifiers derived from animal fatty acids; used as sythetic flavourings, surfactants, defoaming agents and dough conditioners; may increase the absorption of fat-soluble substances
?	?	N	PAD	E436	Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan tristearate - Polysorbate 65	Emulsifiers derived from animal fatty acids; used as sythetic flavourings, surfactants, defoaming agents and dough conditioners; may increase the absorption of fat-soluble substances
N	?	N		E440a	Pectin	Naturally occurring in the skins of apples; used to thicken jams, jellies and sauces; large quantities may cause temporary flatulence or intestinal discomfort
N	?	N		E440b	Amidated pectin
?	?	N		E441	Gelatine	Possible allergen, may contain 220, asthmatics and people allergic to sulphites beware!
?	?	N		E442	Ammonium phosphatides
?	?	N		E450	Diphosphates	High intakes may upset the calcium/phosphate equilibrium
?	?	N		E451	Triphosphates	Pentasodium Triphosphate, Pentapotassium Triphosphate
?	?	N		E452	Polyphosphates	iSodium Polyphosphate, (ii)Potassium Polyphosphate, (iii)Sodium Calcium Polyphosphate, (iv)Calcium Polyphosphates, I Sodium Hexametaphosphate
?	?	N		E459	Beta-cyclodextrine
?	?	N		E460	Cellulose	Anti-caking agent; no adverse effects known
?	?	N		E461	Methyl cellulose	Can cause flatulence, distension, intestinal obstruction
?	Y	N		E463	Hydroxypropyl cellulose
?	?	N		E464	Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose
?	?	N		E465	Ethyl methyl cellulose
?	?	N		E466	Carboxy methyl cellulose Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose
?	?	N		E468	Cross linked sodium carboxy methyl cellulose	Sweeteners
?	?	N	PAP	E469	Sodium caseinate	Emulsifier
?	Y	N	PAD	E470a	Fatty acids salts	Sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids. Emulsifier & Anti-caking agent
?	Y	N	PAD	E470b	Fatty acids salts	Magnesium salts of fatty acids
?	?	N	PAD	E471	Mono- & di- glycerides of fatty acids
?	?	M	PAD	E472a		Acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids. Emulsifier.
?	?	N	PAD	E472b		Lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
?	?	N	PAD	E472c		Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
?	?	N	PAD	E472d		Tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
?	?	N	PAD	E472e		Mono- and diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
?	?	N	PAD	E472f		Mixed acetic and tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
N	?	M	PAD	E473	Sucrose esters of fatty acids	Emulsifier
N	Y	N	PAD	E474	Sucroglycerides	Emulsifier
?	?	M	PAD	E475	Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids
?	?	N	PAD	E476	Polyglycerol polyricinoleate
?	?	N	PAD	E477	Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids	Derived from petroleum;
?	?	N	PAD	E478		Lactylated fatty acid esters of gylcerol and propane-1,2-diol
?	?	N	PAD	E479b		Thermally oxidized soya bean oil interacted with mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
?	?	N		E480	Dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate
?	?	N	PAD	E481	Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate	Emulsifier
?	?	N	PAD	E482	Calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate	Emulsifier
?	Y	N	PAD	E483	Stearyl tartrate	Emulsifier
?	?	M	PAD	E491	Sorbitan monostearate	Emulsifier
?	?	N	PAD	E492	Sorbitan tristearate	May increase th absorption of fat-soluble substances
?	Y	N	PAD	E493	Sorbitan monolaurate
?	Y	N	PAD	E494	Sorbitan mono-oleate
?	Y	N	PAD	E495	Sorbitan monopalmitate
?	?	N	MD	E500	Sodium carbonates
?	?	N	MD	E501	Potassium carbonates
?	?	N	MD	E503	Ammonium carbonates	Irritant to mucous membranes
?	?	N	MD	E504	Magnesium carbonate	Medically used as an antacid and laxative
?	?	N	MD	E507	Hydrochloric acid	Safe in small quantities
?	?	N	MD	E508	Potassium chloride	Large quantities can cause gastric ulceration
?	?	N	MD	E509	Calcium chloride	Derived from brine
?	Y	N	MD	E510	Ammonium chloride	Should be avoided by people with impaired liver or kidney function. Typical products are flour products
?	?	N	MD	E511	Magnesium chloride	Magnesium is an essential mineral
?	Y	N	MD	E513	Sulphuric acid
?	?	N	MD	E514	Sodium sulphates	May upset the body's water balance
?	?	N	MD	E515	Potassium sulphates
?	?	N	MD	E516	Calcium sulphate	Derived from limestone
?	?	N	MD	E518	Magnesium sulphate	A laxative
?	?	N	MD	E519	Copper sulphate	Essential mineral
?	Y	N	MD	E520	Aluminium sulfate	Firming Agent
?	Y	N	MD	E521	Aluminium sodium sulfate	Acidity regulator
?	Y	N	MD	E522	Aluminium potassium sulfate	Acidity regulator
?	Y	N	MD	E523	Aluminium ammonium sulfate	Acidity regulator
?	Y	N	MD	E524	Sodium hydroxide	Acidity regulator
?	Y	N	MD	E525	Potassium hydroxide	Acidity regulator
?	?	N	MD	E526	Calcium hydroxide	Firming Agent. No adverse effects in small quantities
?	Y	N	MD	E527	Ammonium hydroxide	Acidity regulator
?	Y	N	MD	E528	Magnesium hydroxide	Acidity regulator
?	?	N	MD	E529	Calcium oxide	Acidity regulator, Improving agent
?	Y	N	MD	E530	Magnesium oxide	Acidity regulator
?	?	N	MD	E535	Sodium ferrocyanide	Acidity regulator, Improving agent
?	?	N	SY	E536	Potassium ferrocyanide	By-product of coal gas production; low toxicity
?	Y	N	MD	E540	Dicalcium diphosphate	Acidity regulator
?	Y	N	MD	E541	Sodium aluminium phosphate Acidic	Emulsifier
?	?	N	AD	E542	Edible Bone phosphate	Anti-caking agent; Derived from bones; used in dried milk for coffee machines
?	Y	N	MD	E544	Calcium polyphosphates	Emulsifier
?	Y	N	MD	E545	Ammonium polyphosphates	Emulsifier
?	?	N	MD	E551	Silicon dioxide	No adverse effects are known in food use
?	?	N	MD	E552	Calcium silicate	Derived from limestone and diatomaceous earth (the silicified skeletons of diatoms, a single celled plankton), antacid;
?	Y	N	MD	E553a	Magnesium silicates	Anti-caking agent; (i) Magnesium silicate (ii), Magnesium trisilicate
?	Y	N	MD	E553b	Talc	Anti-caking agent; typical products are polished rice, chocolate, confectionary
?	?	N	MD	E554	Sodium aluminium silicate	Anti-caking agent; Used in salt, dried milk substitutes and flours
?	?	N	MD	E556	Calcium aluminium silicate	Anti-caking agent; Used in salt, dried milk substitutes and flours.
?	?	N	MD	E558	Bentonite	Anti-caking agent
?	?	N	MD	E559	Aluminium silicate (Kaolin)	Anti-caking agent
?	?	M	PAD	E570	Stearic acid	Anti-caking agent. Possibly of animal origin; see stearates
?	?	M	PAD	E572	Magnesium stearate	Emulsifier, Anti-caking agent
?	?	N		E575	Glucono delta-lactone	Acidity regulator, Sequestrant
?	Y	N		E576	Sodium gluconate	Sequestrant
?	?	N		E577	Potassium gluconate	Sequestrant
?	?	N		E578	Calcium gluconate	Firming Agent
?	?	N		E579	Ferrous gluconate	Colour-retention agent; derived from iron and glucose; used in olives, iron supplements; safe in small amounts
?	?	N	PAP	E585	Ferrous lactate	Colouring
?	Y	N		E620	Glutamic acid	Flavour enhancer, salt substitute; amino acid present in many animal and vegetable proteins, derived commercially from bacteria; might cause similar problems as MSG(621), young children should avoid it
?	?	N		E621	Monosodium glutamate MSG	Flavour enhancer derived from the fermentation of molasses, salt substitute; adverse effects appear in some asthmatic people, not permitted in foods for infants and young children; typical products are canned vegetables, canned tuna, dressings, many frozen foods
?	?	N		E622	Monopotassium glutamate	Can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps; typical products are low sodium salt substitutes
?	?	N		E623	Calcium diglutamate	Salt substitute,
?	?	N		E624	Monoammonium glutamate	Salt substitute,
?	?	N		E625	Magnesium diglutamate	Salt substitute,
?	?	N		E626	Guanylic acid	May trigger gout
?	?	N	PAD	E627	Disodium guanylate	Sodium Guanylate, Flavour enhancer. Isolated from sardines or yeast extract; may trigger gout, not permitted in foods for infants and young children
?	?	N		E629	Calcium guanylate	May trigger gout
?	?	N	AD	E631	Disodium inosinate	May be prepared from meat or sardines; may trigger gout, not permitted in foods for infants and young children
?	?	N		E633	Calcium inosinate	May trigger gout
?	Y	N	PAD	E635	Disodium 5'-ribonucleotide	May be associated with itchy skin rashes up to 30 hours after ingestion; rashes may vary from mild to dramatic; the reaction is dose-related and cumulative, some individuals are more sensitive than others; typical foods include flavoured chips, instant noodles and party pies.
?	?	N	PSY	E636	Maltol	Derived from the bark of larch trees, pine needles, chicory wood, oils and roasted malt; it may be produced synthetically
?	?	N		E637	Ethyl maltol	Derived from maltol
?	?	N	PAD	E640	Glycine Glycine & its sodium salt	Flavour enhancer
?	?	N		E900	Dimethyl polysiloxane	Silicone based
Y	N	N	AP	E901	Beeswaxes	Glazing agent, used to wax fruit; see bee products; occasionally causes allergic reactions
Y	N	N		E903	Carnauba wax Carnauba	Derived from a South American palm; used in cosmetics and inks, and to wax fruit; occasionally causes allergic reactions
Y	N	N	AD	E904	Shellac	Derived from insects; occasionally causes irritations of the skin
?	Y	N		E905	Paraffins Microcrystalline wax	May inhibit absorption of fats and fat soluble vitamins, mild laxative, there may be a link to bowel cancer; used on sweets, in processing yeast, vitamin tablets, dried fruit, confectionary, collagen
?	Y	N		E907	Refined microcrystalline wax
?	?	N		E913	Lanolin	Derived from sheep wool
?	?	N	AD	E920	L-Cysteine hydrochloride	Flour treatment agent derived from animal hair and chicken feathers
?	?	N	AD	E921	L-Cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate	Flour treatment agent derived from animal hair and chicken feathers
?	?	N		E924	Potassium bromate	Large quantities can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, pain. Typical products are flour products
?	?	N		E925	Chlorine	Typical products are flour products. Possible health concerns.
?	?	N		E926	Chlorine dioxide	Typical products are flour products. Possible health concerns
?	Y	N		E927	Azodicarbonamide
?	Y	N		E928	Benzoyl peroxide	Approved by FDA* for bleaching the carotenoids in refined flours; asthmatics and people with a history of allergies should avoid.
Y	?	N		E931	Nitrogen	Inert gas used in freezing and vacuum packing.
Y	?	N		E932	Nitrous oxide	Laughing Gas. Safe in small quantities
?	Y	N	SY	E950	Acesulphane potassium	Acesulfame K, Artificial Sweetener
?	Y	N	SY	E951	Aspartame	Artificial sweetener, too many adverse effects possible to list, some people are allergic to aspartame, migraine headaches a common reaction in these people
?	Y	N	SY	E952	Cyclamic acid calcium & sodium cyclamate	Artificial sweetener; known to cause migraines and other reactions, can be carcinogenic, caused damage ot rats testicles and mouse embriyos in tests, banned in the US and UK due its links with cancer
Y	Y	N	SY	E954	Saccharines calcium & sodium saccharin	Artificial sweetener derived from toluene (a known carcinogen); banned in 1977 in the US, but reinstated subject to strict labelling starting: Use of this product may be hazardous to your health, this product contains saccharin which has been determined to cause cancer in laboratory animals
?	?	N	VD	E957	Thaumatin	Artificial sweetener, a protein derived from the tropical plant Thaumococcus danielli; used to sweeten wines, bread and fruit
N	N	N	VD	E965	Maltitol Hydrogenated glucose syrup	Humectant, starch decomposed with digestive enzymes; used in confectionery, dried fruits, low-joule foods; laxative in high concentrations
?	N	N	VD	E967	Xylitol	Humectant, found in raspberries, plums, lettuce and endives, though produced for commercial purposes from wood pulp; used in low-joule foods and carbohydratemodified sweets, icecream and jams
?	N	N	VD	E999	Quillaia extract	Foaming agent, emulsifier, natural surfactant; derived from chilean soap bark tree (Quillaia Saponaria); used in beer and soda; known to promote healing and reduce excessive oilness in the skin
?	N	N		E1103	Invertase	Stabiliser
N	?	N	PAP	E1100	Amylase	Derived from mold mushroom or pig pancreas
N	?	N		E1200	Polydextrose	Seems safe in small doses
?	?	N	SY	E1201	Polyvinylpyrrolidone	Dispersing agent, coating for tablets; used in artificial sweeteners
?	?	N	SY	E1202	Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone	Clarifying agent for wine, colour and colloidal stabiliser
N	?	N		E1400	Dextrin	Stabiliser and Thickening agent
N	?	N	VD	E1401	Modified starch	Stabiliser and Thickening agent
N	?	N	VD	E1402	Alkaline modified starch	Stabiliser and Thickening agent
N	?	N	VD	E1403	Bleached starch	Stabiliser and Thickening agent
N	?	N	VD	E1404	Oxidized starch	Emulsifier and Thickening agent
N	?	N	VD	E1410	Monostarch phosphate	Stabiliser and Thickening agent
N	?	N	VD	E1412	Distarch phosphate	Stabiliser and Thickening agent
N	?	N	VD	E1413	Phosphated distarch phosphate	Stabiliser and Thickening agent
N	?	N	VD	E1414	Acetylated distarch phosphate	Emulsifier and Thickening agent
N	?	N	VD	E1420	Acetylated starch mono starch acetate	Stabiliser and Thickening agent
N	?	N	VD	E1421	Acetylated starch mono starch acetate	Stabiliser and Thickening agent
N	?	N	VD	E1422	Acetylated distarch adipate	Stabiliser and Thickening agent
N	?	N	VD	E1423	Distarch glycerine	Stabiliser and Thickening agent
N	?	N	VD	E1440	Hydroxy propyl starch	Emulsifier and Thickening agent
N	?	N	VD	E1441	Hydroxy propyl distarch glycerine	Stabiliser and Thickening agent
N	?	N	VD	E1442	Hydroxy propyl distarch phosphate	Stabiliser and Thickening agent
N	?	N	VD	E1450	Starch sodium octenyl succinate	Emulsifier, Stabiliser and Thickening agent
N	?	N		E1451	Acetylated oxidised starch	Emulsifier and Thickening agent
?	?	N		E1505	Triethyl citrate	Foam Stabiliser, used in dried Egg Whites and as a carrier solvent.
?	?	N		E1510	Ethanol	Alcohol
?	?	N		E1517	Glycerol acetates	Humectant and solvent derived from glycerol; used to coat fresh fruit in the US
?	?	N	PAD	E1518	Glyceryl triacetate	(triacetin) Humectant and solvent derived from glycerol; used to coat fresh fruit in the US
?	?	N		E1520	Propylene glycol	Humectant, wetting agent, dispersing agent, petroleum based; its glycerin like taste has made it popular for children's medications and other elixirs; used in many topical creams and ointments, cosmetics, hair products and deodorants.